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deontological (non-consequentialist) ethical theories
Generally, a normative stance that views what should be done as determined by fundamental principles that do not derive solely from consequences. An act or rule is right insofar as it satisfies the demands of some overriding (non-consequentialist) principle of moral duty. Deontologists sometimes stress that the value of actions lies more in motives than in consequences.
Religious revelation ("divine command") is the historically common foundation for deontological moral principles: things are right or wrong if, and only if, commanded or forbidden by God. Natural law or human reason may also be cited as sources of moral principles.
Some philosophers (and many sociobiologists) take the position that deontological principles are simply those that have "tested out" as having good consequences over a long period, and are accordingly sanctioned by custom, religious practice, etc. This view reduces deontological theories to a kind of surreptitious rule utilitarianism.
As with utilitarianism, non-consequentialist theories come in "act" and "rule" forms: The former is the position that deontological principles are -- or should be -- applied by individuals to each unique circumstance. Situations are seen as too idiosyncratic, in general, to be subsumable under general rules. The latter emphasizes application of non-consequentialist principles in the form of rules, which broadly determine whether particular kinds of acts are right or wrong.
